Soil fertility can be reduced by various factors such as:

Overuse or improper use of soil, leading to depletion of essential nutrients.

Soil erosion, which removes fertile topsoil and exposes subsoil that is often less fertile.

Chemical pollution, such as heavy metal contamination, can also reduce soil fertility.

Poor crop rotation practices can lead to the depletion of soil nutrients over time.

Climate change can affect soil fertility through changes in temperature and precipitation patterns.

Inadequate or imbalanced soil management practices, such as excessive use of synthetic fertilizers, can lead to soil degradation.

Restoring soil fertility requires practices such as:

Implementing sustainable land-use practices, such as crop rotation and cover cropping.

Using organic fertilizers and compost to add nutrients back to the soil.

Managing soil moisture levels to prevent erosion and support healthy soil microorganisms.

Planting nitrogen-fixing crops to help replenish the soil.

Avoiding overuse of synthetic fertilizers and chemicals.